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ESM 200  - Orientation Course

Examination of case studies illustrating that understanding, solving, and preventing environmental problems requires pooling expertise from multiple disciplines and constructive dialogue between diverse groups.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 0.5
Instructor: Lenihan 
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ESM 201Homepage  - Ecology of Managed Ecosystems

Principles of individual ecology, population ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology. Emphasis on applications (conservation, resource management, ecological effects of pollution and habitat fragmentation, etc.).

Waiver Policy

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 4
Instructor: Davis 
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ESM 202  - Environmental Biogeochemistry

Biogeochemical processes as applied to the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, land, and inland waters, and applications to environmental issues such as eutrophication, toxic pollution, carbon sequestration, and acidification

Waiver Policy

Prerequisites: Introductory Chemistry. ESM 203 is strongly recommended.

Units: 4
Instructor: Holden  Keller 
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ESM 203  - Earth System Science

Interactions among the atmosphere, oceans, and land and models of Earth’s climate and hydrology. Application of knowledge about the Earth System in environmental management and policy.

Waiver Policy

Prerequisites: Geography 3 or equivalent

Units: 4
Instructor: Dozier  Dunne 
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ESM 204Homepage  - Economics of Environmental Management

Environmental regulation (incentives, command, and control), asymmetric information (cost revelation and auditing), regulatory incidence, dynamics and discounting, exhaustible and renewable resources, valuation, environmental macroeconomics, trade and the environment, and comparative regulatory analysis.

Waiver Policy

Prerequisites: ESM 251 or equivalent.

Units: 4
Instructor: Kolstad 
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ESM 206A  - Statistics & Data Analysis for Environmental Science and Management

Develop skills and conceptual framework to effectively use data to solve practical problems. Topics include descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, experimental design, exploratory data analysis, probability and uncertainty, time series analysis, and spatial stats. Emphasis of case studies from environmental problems.

Prerequisites: Math 3ABC or equivalent.

Units: 2

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ESM 206B  - Statistics & Data Analysis for Environmental Science and Management

Develop skills and conceptual framework to effectively use data to solve practical problems. Topics include descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, experimental design, exploratory data analysis, probability and uncertainty, time series analysis, and spatial stats. Emphasis of case studies from environmental problems.

Prerequisites: Math 3ABC or equivalent.

Units: 2

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ESM 207  - Environmental Law and Policy

Basic elements of the legal system as it specifically relates to environmental issues. Study of the different stages and different institutions involved in environmental policy making.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 4
Instructor: Salzman 
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ESM 208  - Organizations and Environmental Leadership

Individuals play an important role in leading organizations towrad environmental sustainability. Participants learn about their own behaviors which can effectively influence the environmental decision-making of groups, organizations, and society. Course explores both theory and practice.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 4
Instructor: Ramus 
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ESM 210  - Business and the Environment

Introduces students to business objectives and structure and discusses new business models and tools that incorporate principles of environmental management and corporate performance. It highlights corporate strategies that deliver value to shareholders while responding to environmental concerns.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 4
Instructor: Libecap 
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ESM 211  - Applied Population Ecology

Examination of the application of population ecology to conservation of rare species and management of harvested populations. Topics include populations regulation, population viability analysis, fisheries management, metapopulation dynamics, and populations monitoring.

Prerequisites: ESM 201
This course will not be offered in 2008-09.

Units: 4
Instructor: Kendall 
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ESM 212Homepage  - Biological Community Survey & Analysis

Design and execution of field sampling campaigns to characterize, map, and inventory plant and animal communities. Includes review of basic sampling theory, measurements for terrestrial vegetation, vertebrate and invertebrate survey methods, multivariate analysis of community data, vegetation and species habitat mapping and modeling.

Prerequisites: ESM 201
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 4
Instructor: Davis 
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ESM 214  - Bioremediation

Concepts and approaches to correct and alleviate the effects of environmental pollution using biological processes. Biochemical, ecological, and physicochemical aspects of remediation and mitigation. Assessing and monitoring applicability/efficacy of biological treatment. Natural and engineered methods for adversely affected biological resources.

Prerequisites: (None)
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 4
Instructor: Holden 
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ESM 214L  - Laboratory in Bioremediation

Familiarization with the systems used for biologically treating nonhazardous and hazardous wastes. Bench scale laboratory exercises will demonstrate basic principles at work in biodegradation. Use of biological reactors applicable to both ex situ and in situ treatment.

Prerequisites: ESM 214 or concurrent enrollment in ESM 214.
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 1
Instructor: Holden 
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ESM 215  - Landscape Ecology

Relationships between spatial patterns in landscape structure (physical, biological, and cultural) and ecological processes. Role of ecosystem pattern in mass and energy transfers, disturbance regimes, species’ persistence, applications of remote sensing, and GIS for landscape characterization and modeling.

Prerequisites: ESM 201.
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 4
Instructor: Davis 
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ESM 217  - Restoration Ecology

Is restoration possible? What degraded ecosystems are good candidates for restoration? Use ecology to design and implement restorations and the criteria to evaluate their successes? Field labs will provide students with practical tools to approach these issues.

Prerequisites: ESM 201 or equivalent.
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 4
Instructor: Lenihan 
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ESM 219  - Microbial Processes in the Environment

Microbes are the most abundant organisms on earth and are responsible for most biogeochemical cycling. Who and where are they, what do they do, and how? This course provides an integrated understanding applicable to managing the environment and natural resources.

Prerequisites: ESM 202 or equivalent
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 4
Instructor: Holden 
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ESM 219L  - Laboratory in Microbial Processes

Introduction to laboratory based tools and techniques for detecting and numerating, and describing what microbes do in natural and polluted samples.

Prerequisites: ESM 219 may be taken concurrently
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 1
Instructor: Holden 
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ESM 222Homepage  - Fate and Transport of Pollutants in the Environment

Transport and biogeochemical transformation of pollutants in the environment. Review of pollutant properties and media characteristics that affect transport, accumulation, and degradation of pollutants. Basic tools for managing pollutants in the environment, including prevention, detection, and remediation.

Prerequisites: ESM 202.

Units: 4
Instructor: Keller 
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ESM 223Homepage  - Management of Soil and Groundwater Quality

Focuses on protection and remediation of contaminated aquifers. Covers the determination of groundwater quality objectives based on risk assessment, approaches for protecting or remediating aquifers and contaminated soils, and cost evaluation of management strategies.

Prerequisites: ESM 202, 203. {Strongly recommended: ESM 222 and groundwater hydrology.}

Units: 4
Instructor: Brown 
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ESM 223L  - Laboratory in Management of Soil and Groundwater Quality

A hands-on approach to learning how to sample and treat contaminated soil and groundwater. The series of lab modules covers field sampling, analysis, unit treatment processes and a remediation design project. Students are presented with state-of-the-art technologies for dealing with contamination.

Prerequisites: ESM 222 and ESM 223 or concurrent enrollment in ESM 223

Units: 1
Instructor: Keller 
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ESM 224Homepage  - Sustainable Watershed Quality Management

Sustainable management requires an evaluation of the capacity of various components of a watershed to assimilate a pollutant load without deterioration. The course covers development of a Watershed Management. Plan, focused on water quality considerations for human and ecological health.

Prerequisites: ESM 202 & 203. Strongly recommended: ESM 222 and 234 or 235.

Units: 4
Instructor: Keller 
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ESM 225  - Water Policy

Explores key water policy issues in the context of science, technology, and the practical management of water systems. If focuses on the nexus of science, economics, law, and social and political factors play in the policy process.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 4
Instructor: Wilkinson 
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ESM 228Homepage  - Environmental Field Methods

Covers various field techniques related to evaluation of water quality, sampling environmental matrices, and collecting of biota. Class work focuses on experimental design and instrument theory. Field trips and labs provide exposure to sampling techniques and data manipulation.

Prerequisites: PhD students and 2nd year MESM students only.

Units: 4

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ESM 232  - Environmental Modeling

Introduction to the development, evaluation, interpretation, and presentation of models as applied to environmental problems. Course will consist of theory and many practical examples building and interpreting models using computers. No previous computer experience required.

Prerequisites: Math 3ABC or equivalent
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 4
Instructor: Dozier 
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ESM 234  - River Systems

Hydrologic and geomorphic basis of environmental management problems concerning large river systems. Analysis of the processes of flooding, sedimentation, and morphological change in channels, floodplains, deltas, and alluvial fans. Effects of climate, land use and engineering.

Prerequisites: ESM 203.
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 4
Instructor: Dunne 
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ESM 235  - Watershed Analysis

Hydrologic and geomorphic basis of environmental management problems concerning land surfaces and channels in small drainage basins, including the effects of land use and engineering. Emphasis placed in the use of theory and field methods.

Prerequisites: ESM 203.
Normally offered every other year

Units: 4
Instructor: Dunne 
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ESM 236  - The Mountain Snowpack

Intensive field, laboratory, and classroom study of physical processes in the mountain snowpack. Snow accumulation and ablation, metamorphism, physical and chemical properties, and remote sensing. Role of snow in watershed hydrology, water resources, and recreation.

Prerequisites: ESM 203, intermediate skiing ability and consent of instructor.
Normally offered every other year over spring break.

Units: 3
Instructor: Dozier 
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ESM 237  - Climate Change Impacts on Hydrology and Ecology

Global climate change may dramatically alter water resources and the ecosystems that depend upon them. This course will provide an overview of research on current and projected future hydro-ecological impacts of a changing climate at local to global scales.

Prerequisites: (None).

Units: 4
Instructor: Tague 
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ESM 241Homepage  - Environmental Politics and Policy

The politics of environmental policymaking from agenda formation to the stages of implementation, assessment, and reforms. Emphasis on national and state level policymaking in the U.S. coupled with a consideration of interactions across levels of social organization and comparisons across socio-political systems.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 2
Instructor: Anderson 
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ESM 242  - Natural Resource Economics and Policy

Economic principles and policy issues in the use of exhaustible and renewable resources including fossil fuels, water, minerals, fisheries, forests, and biodiversity. Management of resource markets on a regional or international scale.

Prerequisites: ESM 204

Units: 4
Instructor: Costello 
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ESM 243  - Environmental Policy Analysis

Developing and analyzing environmental policies involves balancing social, political, and economic considerations. Course covers this process, including problem identification, formation of alternative policy response, and methods of analyzing and selecting the most appropriate policy response, and effective communications of results to clients/policymakers.

Prerequisites: ESM 204 & ESM 241

Units: 4
Instructor: Anderson 
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ESM 245  - Cost-Benefit Analysis and Nonmarket Valuation

Economic theory of environmental policy, with special emphasis on the role of cost-benefit analysis. Techniques for estimating economic values for nonmarket environmental resources. Case studies involving ecosystem protection, pollution control, and other topics to illustrate the necesarry analytical tools.

Prerequisites: ESM 204

Units: 4
Instructor: Kotchen 
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ESM 247Homepage  - Governance for Sustainable Development

Examination of the demand for governance in conjunction with efforts to achieve environmental, economic, and social goals. Special attention to alternative approaches to the supply of governance at the global level as well as to interact between governance systems addressing distinct issues.

Prerequisites: (None)
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 4
Instructor: Young 
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ESM 248  - Environmental Institutions: Rights, Rules, and Decision-making Systems

Comparative study of management systems or regimes addressing natural resources and environmental concerns and operating at scales ranging from local to global. Topics include characterization of individual regimes and factors affecting the formation, evolution, and effectiveness of these institutional arrangements.

Prerequisites: (None)
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 4
Instructor: Young 
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ESM 251  - Introduction to Environmental Policy Analysis

Design and evaluation of public policies for addressing environmental problems. Theory of environmental policy that arises from the study of markets, market failure, and economic efficiency as well as the broader scope of analysis that accounts for distributional concerns, sustainability, impact analysis, cost effectiveness, and multi-criteria analysis.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 2
Instructor: Costello 
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ESM 254  - Coastal Marine Ecosystem Processes

Examination of physical, chemical and geological processes in coastal ecosystems, including estuaries, that are influenced by human activities. Focus centers on dynamical processes that control biological communities and resources, and the relationship of the science to marine resource management and policy.

Prerequisites: ESM 201 & 203; 202 (may be concurrent)
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 4
Instructor: Lenihan 
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ESM 257  - Coastal Marine Policy

Conceptual approaches and analytical tools used in marine ecosystem management, marine biodiversity protection, and integrative watershed planning. Review of relevant international, federal and state marine policies and programs.

Prerequisites: (None)
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 4
Instructor: McGinnis 
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ESM 259  - Law of Coastal Zone Management

The role of law in protecting and allocating natural resources in the coastal zone. Property rights, market mechanisms, social norms and regulatory systems that compose California's coastal management regime and comparisons with law and practice in other jurisdictions, nationally and internationally.

Prerequisites: (None)
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 4
Instructor: Osherenko 
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ESM 260  - Applied Marine Ecology

The application of ecological principles and methods to environmental problems in marine ecosystems. Emphasis is placed on design and execution of field sampling and experiments to assess biological impacts of anthropogenic disturbances and restoration activities. Concepts illustrated with case studies

Prerequisites: ESM 201

Units: 4
Instructor: Lenihan 
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ESM 261Homepage  - Management of Scientific Data

Theory, techniques, and tools for managing heterogeneous scientific information, database architectures, and data models. Metadata standards and data characterization. Design and use of relational databases. Aspects of the science data life cycle: collection, storage, retrieval, analysis, and presentation.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 4
Instructor: Frew 
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ESM 263Homepage  - Geographic Information System

Advanced introduction to GIS theory and technology, emphasizing spatial analysis and cartographic presentation. Typical algorithms and data structures. Role of GIS in environmental information management. Integration of GIS with other analytical tools.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 4
Instructor: Frew 
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ESM 266  - Remote Sensing of the Environment

Advanced introduction to remote sensing theory, technology, and applications in environmental science and management. Survey of principles and analytical methods throughout the electromagnetic spectrum. Integration of remote sensing with other tools.

Prerequisites: ESM 203
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 4
Instructor: Dozier 
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ESM 269  - Survey Design and Environmental Public Opinion

Issues of survey design, including sampling, questionnaire design, data collection and data processing. Students will design and field an original survey, analyze the survey data and report the results.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 2
Instructor: Anderson 
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ESM 270Homepage  - Conservation Planning & Priority Setting

Analytical approaches that can be used to direct energy and resources toward conservation that yields the greatest return on investment. Case studies of how government agencies, international multilateral institutions and non-governmental agencies identify where to invest their conservation efforts.

Prerequisites: ESM 201.

Units: 4
Instructor: Davis 
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ESM 273  - Life Cycle Assessment

Advanced introduction to life cycle assessment (LCA) tools and practice. Students will conduct an LCA according to ISO 14040/44 (2006) using professional LCA software. Goal and scope definition, parametric life cycle inventory modeling, impact assessment, sensitivity analysis, reporting.

Prerequisites: ESM 282
Same class of 595M with Geyer in spring 2007 & 2008. Not open to students who have already completed one of these classes.

Units: 2
Instructor: Geyer 
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ESM 274  -  Competitive Advantage Strategies for Environmental Innovation

Competitive forces that an organization launching environmental innovations considers in devising strategies for entrepreneurial success. Technology or product benefits to society and the firm, industry and competitor analysis, production processes and nature of input supplies, identification of target markets and consumer response.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 4
Instructor: Libecap 
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ESM 275  - Principles and Practice of Environmental Planning

Principles, concepts, and techniques of environmental planning at the state, regional, and local government levels, with emphasis on emerging trends in addressing environmental problems. Green plans, sustainable communities, coastal planning, agricultural land preservation, smart development, new urbanism, and mitigation monitoring.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 4
Instructor: Wack 
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ESM 277  - Law of Environmental Management

Knowledge and skills for regulatory analysis. How to deal with administrative materials and communicate with key players. Compliance, compliance counseling and the enforcement process. Environmental implications of product development, business or process expansion, and environmental aspects of typical business transactions.

Prerequisites: ESM 207
Normally offered every every other year.

Units: 4
Instructor: Malloy 
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ESM 281  - Corporate Environmental Management

Prepares students to use creatively conceptual tools and management strategies to improve the environmental performance of firms. Corporate, societal, and political barriers to implementing these innovative strategies will be analyzed and methods for overcoming these constraints discussed.

Prerequisites: ESM 210.

Units: 4
Instructor: Cerf 
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ESM 282  - Industrial Ecology

Introduction to the study of material and energy flows in industrial and consumer activities and their effects on the environment. Explores the concept of industrial ecosystems and teaches tools like life cycle assesment and material flow analysis.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 4
Instructor: Geyer 
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ESM 283  - Environmental Negotiation

Strategic negotiations take place daily. Their successful outcome depends on the competence of the negotiators. Using environmental case studies and negotiation exercises, course participants will gain a hands-on understanding of the negotiation process and how they can influence it.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 4
Instructor: Ramus 
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ESM 286  - Environmental Risk Management

Theory and practice of managing exposure to environmental risks from a positive and normative perspective. Emphasis on the roles of science, politics, management, and how these forces interact. Real-world business cases reveal decision problems faced by environmental risk managers.

Prerequisites: (None)
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 4
Instructor: Cerf 
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ESM 288  - Energy, Technology and the Environment

Covers the main physical principles of energy conversion and the environmental impacts related to it. Also explores the balance between resource availability and demand, and the relationship between energy use and technology.

Prerequisites: (None)
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 4

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ESM 289  - Green Supply Chain Management

Course combines the theories of supply chain management and industrial ecology to explore the environmental and economic performances of production and consumption systems and develop and apply the evaluation methods and management tools necessary to green supply chains.

Prerequisites: ESM 282
Normally offered every other year.

Units: 4
Instructor: Geyer 
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ESM 294  - Advanced Special Topics in Environmental Law

Advanced, special topics in environmental law. May be repeated for credit with changes in content.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 1 - 4

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ESM 296  - Advanced Special Topics in Environmental Management

Advanced, special topics in environmental management. May be repeated for credit with changes in content.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 1 - 4

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ESM 296-1W  - Advanced Special Topics: Corporate Governance and Environmental Sustainability

Corporations increasingly recognize that sustainability can help the bottom line. The pull of “green” consumer demand, the threat of ever more stringent regulations, pressure from environmental and social activists---all of these forces drive companies to adopt more sustainable practices. Yet just how do these forces interact? What do they imply for public policy? For business strategy? For the use of voluntary as opposed to mandatory approaches to environmental improvement? This short course will examine this set of questions in detail.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 2

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ESM 297  - Advanced Special Topics in Environmental Policy

Advanced, special topics in environmental policy. May be repeated for credit with changes in content.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 1 - 4

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ESM 297-1F  - Advanced Special Topics: Ethical Decision-Making for the Environment

Ethical and legal issues surrounding environmental decision-making by individuals and in organizations. Environmental challenges facing public, non-profit and for-profit organizations. Analysis of behavior according to ethical standards; examination of opportunities for corporate social responsibility and initiatives; application of ethical frameworks to decision-making. special_notes: This a 2-unit version of a 4-unit course (ESM 276) that was offered in Fall 2006 & 2007. This course is not open to students that have already completed ESM 276. This course is being offered instead of ESM 276 so that a greater number of students may be able to participate.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 2 - 2
Instructor: Harris 
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ESM 299  - Advanced Special Topics in Environmental Science

Advanced, special topics in environmental science. May be repeated for credit with changes in content.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 1 - 4

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ESM 299-1F  - Advanced Special Topics: River Restoration



Prerequisites: ESM 203

Units: 2 - 2
Instructor: Dunne 
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ESM 299-1W  - Advanced Special Topics: Web Mapping--Publishing Environmental Information



Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 2 - 2
Instructor: Frew 
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ESM 401A  - Masters Group Project

1st quarter of a year-long group study of an environmental problem. Includes in-class training sessions to develop skills necessary to efficiently and effectively conduct the study.

Prerequisites: (None)
(Group Project)

Units: 4
Instructor: Tague 
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ESM 401B  - Masters Group Project

2nd quarter of a year-long group study of an environmental problem.

Prerequisites: (None)
(Group Project)

Units: 4

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ESM 401C  - Masters Group Project

Final quarter of a year-long group study of an environmental problem. Requires completion of a final report, policy brief, poster, and defense, and public presentation.

Prerequisites: (None)
(Group Project)

Units: 4

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ESM 410  - Internship Practicum

Students complete a summer internship, prepare a short paper, and present internship experiences to the Bren School community through an informal presentation.

Prerequisites: Completion of a summer internship.

Units: 1
Instructor: Staff 
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ESM 430  - Workshop in Environmental Science and Management

Workshops to develop professional skills for careers in environmental science and management.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 0.5 - 1

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ESM 436  - Legal Issues in Environmental Problem Solving

May be repeated for credit with changes in content. Workshops to expose students to a range of technical and business writing.

Prerequisites: (None)
(Seminar)

Units: 0.5 - 1

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ESM 437  - Writing Skills for Environmental Professionals

May be repeated for credit with changes in content. Workshops to expose students to a range of technical and business writing.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 0.5 - 2

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ESM 595A-Z  - Group Studies: MESM/PhD

Seminars in selected fields of environmental science and management. Open to master and PhD students. May be repeated for credit with changes in content.

Prerequisites: (None)
(Seminar)

Units: 2 - 4

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ESM 595AA-ZZ  - Group Studies: PhD Level

Seminars in selected fields of environmental science and management. Open only to PhD students. May be repeated for credit with changes in topic.

Prerequisites: (None)
(Seminar)

Units: 2 - 4

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ESM 595FHomepage  - MESM/PhD Seminar: Bioenergy/Biofuels

Discussion of current literature, speakers and general immersion in this topic. What is the state of the art? What are the key knowledge and discovery needs? What is the viability for our alternative energy future? Please note that in addition to regularly scheduled meeting times, students will be required to attend a few colloquia on this topic during the Thur 1230 colloquim slot.

Prerequisites: (None)
(Seminar)

Units: 2
Instructor: Holden 
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ESM 595GG  - PhD Seminar: Ecological Sustainability



Prerequisites: (None)

(Seminar)

Units: 2
Instructor: Davis 
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ESM 595II  - PhD Seminar: Congressional Decision-Making and the Environment



Prerequisites: (None)
(Seminar)

Units: 2
Instructor: Anderson 
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ESM 595JJ  - PhD Seminar: Environmental Microbiology



Prerequisites: (None)
(Seminar)

Units: 2
Instructor: Holden 
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ESM 595PB  - Interdisciplinary Problem Based PhD Seminar

Fall 2008 seminar will focus on economic optimization of water resources.

Prerequisites: (None)
(Seminar)

Units: 2
Instructor: Costello  Tague 
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ESM 595SB  - Interdisciplinary Skills Based PhD Seminar



Prerequisites: (None)
(Seminar)

Units: 2

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ESM 595SS  - Interdisciplinary Speaker Series PhD Seminar



Prerequisites: (None)
(Seminar)

Units: 2
Instructor: Dunne 
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ESM 596  - Directed Readings and Research

Individualized readings and research. A written proposal for each tutorial must be approved by the School.

Prerequisites: Must obtain instructor approval prior to enrolling. MESM students must also submit a 596 petition to the Student Affairs office; PhD students only if requested by the instructor.

Units: 1 - 12
Instructor: Staff 
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ESM 597  - Individual Study for Ph.D. Examinations

Instructor should be students major professor or chair of the doctoral committee. Instructor approval required to finalize enrollment.

Prerequisites: Instructor approval required to finalize enrollment.

Units: 1 - 12
Instructor: Staff 
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ESM 599  - Ph.D. Dissertation Research and Preparation

Instructor should be students major professor or chair of the doctoral committee. Instructor approval required to finalize enrollment.

Prerequisites: (None)

Units: 1 - 12
Instructor: Staff 
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